Matthew C. Klein and Michael Pettis, Trade Wars Are Class War: How Rising Inequality Distorts the Global Economy and Threatens International Peace, Yale University Press, 2020 (The reviewer read the Japanese version translated by Eri Kosaka, published by Misuzu Shobo). This book has two theoretical backbones. One is "The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money" by J. M. Keynes. The other is "Imperialism" by J. A. Hobson. Especially the author respects the latter. The book opens with a quote from Hobson, and the preface praises Hobson's insights.
Why Hobson? Using the examples of China and Germany (and with Japan in mind), the author unravels the secret of the persistence of current account surpluses by using the term I-S balance, but differently than in conventional macroeconomics.
The logic of the book, with some interpretation of mine, can be summarized as follows.
A persistent savings surplus cannot be explained as the result of individuals saving and depositing. It should be seen as the result of the suppression of consumption in the country due to distributional inequality.
The persistent current account surplus cannot be understood from the perspective of merchandise trade itself. First, excess savings are invested outward. Excess savings is what Hobson calls an "excess capital”. They create excess demand as unhealthy investment projects are carried out abroad. Excess demand, in turn, creates excess exports at home. Capital exports support commodity exports, not the other way around.
Therefore, it is essential to raise people's income and revise inequality in countries with current account surplus, such as China, Germany, and Japan, to eliminate structural imbalances. Such measures increase domestic consumption and eliminate excess savings. This solution is just what Hobson emphasized.
The arguments in this book are clear and persuasive. In particular, the reviewer thinks that the perspective of excess capital leads to meaningful insight. First, capital with no domestic investment destination is invested overseas, and then the purchasing power generated by that investment leads to commodity exports. This perspective reverse traditional thinking that commodities are exported first, and then the surplus is invested overseas. This book gives us a new approach to analyzing the world economy based on macroeconomic balance.
Of course, some points need to be reconsidered. The emphasis on the active role of outward investment from surplus countries may lead to undervaluation of the role of financial institutions and corporations in organizing investment for unsound projects in deficit countries, such as the United States. Theoretically speaking, excess savings wandering around in search of investment is not a sole financing measure for investment. Money creation by bank loans is also an important measure.
In addition, the author may be torn between the view that "investment generates the same amount of savings" and the view that "volume of saving limits investment."
However, even those questionable points are stimulant for readers. This book makes us aware of the importance of these theoretical issues to analyze the current world economy. It will be the mission of subsequent studies to solve the remaining puzzles.
